Table 1. Dichotomy profiles

Table 2. Function profiles

Table 3. Type profiles

1) Long-term episodic memory (formation and retrieval). There is a very close connection with rationality in terms of life and activity planning, with the scheduling of events over time.

1. I easily recall the place, time, and circumstances under which I first met anyone among my acquaintances. 0.85
2. I easily recall the place, time, and circumstances under which I met this or that person among my many acquaintances. 0.83
3. Without difficulty, I can instantly and selectively direct my mental focus to events from any of the past six months. 0.78
4. I often recount the events of the past day with accuracy down to the smallest details. 0.76

5. Judging by the memories my friends have of some of our past shared activities and fun (which I do not remember at all), large chunks of memories have seriously fallen out of my mind, mostly concerning personal and family life. -0.57
6. I often get confused about the order of events — what happened before, and what happened after. -0.72
7. I just cannot recall certain things that I definitely saw in the past. -0.83
8. Sometimes I can't remember events from just a few hours ago. -0.85
9. At times I get confused about the order of events. -0.86
10. I have memory problems. -0.88
11. I don’t clearly remember what I did yesterday and might get confused about the sequence of events. -0.89

Main correlates of episodic memory (correlations with episodic memory scale shown after items):

1. In the morning, I always have a clear idea of what I’ll be doing this evening. 0.88
2. I always have a plan of action for the next day in my head. 0.86
3. I am a very goal-oriented and organized person. 0.85
4. My life and career are clearly broken down into stages. 0.85
5. I can construct complex, time-spanning plans of action and enjoy strictly adhering to the planned sequence. 0.85
6. I always know in advance who I’m going to vote for in elections. 0.84
7. I am demanding and uncompromising, work a lot, and despise lazy people. 0.84
8. I often joke or grumble about others’ misuse of time: “you love to sleep in,” “you’re never on time,” etc. 0.84

9. I believe that freedom and spontaneity are more important than planning and organization for sound decisions. -0.86
10. My plans often turn out to be unrealistic, and the way I spend time is ultimately determined by the situation, not by a plan. -0.86
11. I tend to procrastinate and often don’t finish what I start. -0.86
12. I am often late, get tired of strict discipline, and have little respect for formal subordination. -0.86
13. I go with the flow in life, enjoying its pleasant surprises, without planning ahead. -0.86
14. I seldom plan far ahead in personal matters, often leaving things to chance. -0.86
15. I don’t like forcing myself into the confines of plans or schedules. -0.87
16. There is always a romantically undefined element to my affairs; sometimes I myself don’t quite know what I plan to do, let alone discuss it. -0.87
17. I often struggle to mobilize and concentrate on completing tasks that are important to me. -0.87
18. Compared to others, I often lack consistency and determination. -0.88
19. The saying "Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow" suits me better than "Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today." -0.89

2) Long-term memory for grievances and harm caused by others (the motivational aspect related to “resolute” functions contributes most to this memory's self-assessment)

1. I have a very long memory for wrongs done to me. 0.88
2. I hold onto past grievances (remember only HIS, HER, THEIR mistakes for a long time). 0.86
3. I vividly remember the harm that some people did to me, even many years ago. 0.84
4. I am a vindictive person. 0.81
5. I can recall at least five people who once did me dirty within twenty seconds. 0.79
6. Troubles and wrongdoings stick in my memory for a very long time — I’d like to forget, but I can’t. 0.68
7. I have many unpleasant memories of old events in my life, even trivial ones. 0.59

8. I easily let go of lost things — I stop worrying after a couple of days. -0.54
9. I usually forgive people for everything. -0.77
10. I’m forgiving and easily repress or forget the past and irrelevant. -0.88

Main correlates of memory for grievances are ASSOCIATED WITH CENTRAL TRAITS.

3) Memory for names

1. I easily and accurately remember people’s names and surnames, even long and complex ones. 0.75

2. Sometimes I accidentally call people by the wrong names — purely automatically. -0.68
3. I often forget and confuse people’s names. -0.81

4) Memory for phone numbers

1. I remember many (more than a dozen) phone numbers of my acquaintances — I use them without looking them up. 0.91

2. I don’t remember phone numbers. -0.67

Main correlates of phone number memory self-assessment are associated with administrative or managerial talents — that is, with the need to memorize them. Extraversion dominates in profiles.

5) Memory for kind acts of others

1. I have a very long memory for the good done to me by others. 0.87
2. I retain memories of help and favors for a long time — I won’t forget even after three years. 0.85

Main correlates of “memory for good” are associated with the subject’s adherence to moral principles and sense of duty. Rationality, compliance, and seriousness dominate in profiles.

1. I usually pay attention to other people’s actions only in terms of how well they align with moral norms and general expectations. 0.88
2. I often do things out of a “pure” sense of duty — not because I like it, but just to soothe my conscience and fulfill obligations to others, as I understand them. 0.84
3. I expect and demand strict adherence to social norms of behavior from people. 0.78
4. I am only interested in people’s actions in terms of their conformity with general moral norms and expectations. 0.78
5. Key concepts for me: reputation, decency, charity, virtue, discipline, loyalty, strictness, morality, people’s motives, purity, condemnation of indecency, persistence, willpower, secrecy. 0.78

6) Visual memory for faces

1. I recognize people well by their faces. 0.93
2. I quickly spot the needed face in a crowd. 0.85
3. I can draw a recognizable face of a specific person from memory (portrait or caricature). 0.79

4. I poorly perceive visual individual differences — to me all trees look the same, all buildings of the same height look alike. -0.83
5. I’m inattentive to the color of objects — I can’t recall the color of my or others’ clothes, or the exact color of neighboring houses. -0.91
6. I’ve often failed to recognize someone when they appeared in different clothes. -0.82
7. I often find it hard to tell whether I’ve seen someone before, and frequently mistake someone as a stranger even though I’ve met them a year ago. -0.84
8. I have a poor memory for people’s faces. -0.91
9. I poorly perceive visual individual differences — to me all Black people look the same, and so do all babies. -0.92
10. I poorly remember and recognize faces of people I’ve met multiple times. -0.92
11. I have trouble remembering faces — it’s hard for me to recognize anyone when first meeting them. -0.93

7) Visual memory for settings

1. I remember landscape features well — once I see a place, I always recognize it upon returning. 0.94
2. I have excellent automatic visual memory for image details. 0.92
3. Glancing at a typical item similar to others (pencil, folder, clothing item), I can easily tell whether it’s mine or confused with someone else’s. 0.90
4. I have good visual memory for traveled routes and all their turns. 0.88
5. I easily recall what color clothes my loved ones wore today and yesterday (try it!). 0.86
6. Almost every time I go out, I notice small changes that happened during the day — a new fence or billboard, a moved kiosk, freshly trimmed trees, etc. 0.84
7. With one look, I can reproduce from memory the outline of any complex shape. 0.84
8. I can easily draw a plan of my apartment from memory. 0.82
9. Compared to others, I know I have a faster and more accurate, almost “photographic” visual memory. 0.74

10. My visual memory is rather poor: I struggle to remember faces, distinctive landscape features, etc. -0.65
11. I don’t remember city or terrain routes well — I can even get lost. -0.76
12. I poorly remember the distinctive features of terrain, and because of that, I sometimes struggle to navigate or recognize places I’ve been to. -0.91

Main correlates of visual memory for settings are almost exclusively tied to spatial coordination of movement. Sensory perception dominates in profiles.

EXAMPLES OF CORRELATES:

1. I feel and remember the spatial forms of objects well. 0.92
2. I quickly and easily assess object sizes — which is larger, smaller, farther, or closer, even with minor differences. 0.92
3. At a brief glance, I instantly assess the arrangement and orientation of objects in space. 0.92
4. I can direct my attention to every muscle of my body, to any chosen internal organ, and feel them as a well-coordinated machine. 0.91
5. I have excellent coordination and a precise eye for measurement. 0.91
6. My hands are skillful and very sensitive to objects, well-guided by vision, capable of fine, “delicate” and accurate, well-coordinated movements. 0.91

7. I’m clumsy when tying shoelaces. -0.85
8. I often don’t know what to do with my hands and generally have somewhat awkward posture and movements. -0.85
9. Sometimes I trip or even fall while walking. -0.86
10. I’m clumsy when dressing — I often get confused with top and bottom, sleeves and legs, when putting on a shirt or pants. -0.90
11. I’m often not physically coordinated. -0.90
12. Sometimes I lose control of my coordination and the sequence of my movements. -0.91

8) Memory for individual people’s voices

1. I recognize a stranger’s voice on the phone by its distinct timbre within just two or three seconds. 0.80
2. Once I hear a person’s voice, I remember its timbre and intonations well and later recognize them on the phone from just a couple of words. 0.79

3. I poorly remember voices and struggle to recognize them on the phone. -0.78
4. Usually, it takes me more than five seconds to identify who’s calling me just by voice. -0.85

This trait correlates with facial memory, cognitive empathy, and expressive intonation in one's own speech. It also correlates highly with dance ability and imitation of others’ movements.

9) Memory for musical melodies

2. I easily remember a melody and can sing it back without mistakes. 0.91
3. I can easily “tap out” the rhythmic melody of any familiar song with my fingers, keeping its tempo and rhythm precisely (try it). 0.84
4. I remember many different melodies. 0.78
5. I’ve always enjoyed the TV show “Name That Tune” and guessing melodies with the players (often doing it faster than them). 0.72
6. I can easily and instantly recall and sing the Russian national anthem. 0.72
7. I can instantly recall and sing the national anthem. 0.63
8. I can easily recall and sing the melody of the song “My Motherland is Vast.” 0.48
9. I have good memory for any complex musical melodies. 0.43

10. I have poor memory for melodies. -0.67
11. I struggle to accurately repeat (sing) a melody I’ve heard — my musical ear is worse than that of many others. -0.87

10) Memory – rapid visual recognition of familiar objects (absence of novelty illusion, misrecognition illusion with suppression of the sense of familiarity)

1. On average, at least once a month, I experience a strange and piercing feeling of novelty in a well-known place (for example, on a street near my home) – I see a house I’ve seen many times as if for the first time, a car I’ve seen repeatedly as if it’s completely new. As a result, I feel sincere, piercing surprise at this illusory sensation. -0.89
2. I experience states of particularly vivid and intense perception – with heightened, “insightful” attention to objects or events that previously seemed meaningless. -0.94
3. Sometimes I look at familiar objects and have a persistent feeling that they seem new, special, different than usual. -0.95
4. Occasionally, I experience disorientation in my current location – I can’t immediately recall or understand where I am (at home, at work, somewhere else, etc.). -0.95
5. Several times a year or more, I experience the “never-before-seen” illusion, when familiar objects and people suddenly appear strangely unfamiliar and new, as if I’m seeing them for the first time. -0.96

This trait is highly correlated with the absence of derealization illusions and with strong visual concentration (absence of mental distraction). The leading profile trait is sensing.

11) Verbal memory – effectiveness in selecting and retrieving appropriate words and concepts to designate objects and phenomena from memory, as well as their use in constructing phrases

1. Sometimes I look at a household object and can’t immediately figure out what it is, what it’s for, or how it’s used. -0.58
2. Sometimes I struggle to recall the right word – in such cases, a hint always helps. -0.65
3. Occasionally, I can’t recall the right word for several seconds. -0.67
4. Sometimes I hear a familiar word and have a mental blank – for a few seconds, I can’t understand what it means. -0.73
5. At least when I speak fluently, my speech contains many random, parasitic, meaningless, or improperly chosen words. -0.72
6. Sometimes I look at an object and can’t immediately recall what it’s called. -0.77
7. A frequent problem for me is finding the right words to express my thoughts. -0.82
8. Sometimes I look at an object and can’t recall its name. -0.81
9. I often struggle to find the “right” word – it’s on the tip of my tongue, but I just can’t remember it. -0.83
10. I often find it hard to choose the right words to express my meaning clearly. -0.83
11. Sometimes I completely forget the names of certain objects for several seconds. -0.83
12. Sometimes I forget the names of certain objects – I have to make an effort to remember. -0.83
13. I often can’t recall the needed word. -0.87
14. My speech often contains carelessly used words – sometimes the right word is subtly replaced by something vague, only distantly related in meaning. -0.88

Verbal memory impairments are closely correlated with improper word order in speech, speech melody issues (articulation problems), and with impairments in the sequence and melody of hand movements, suggesting a close link to dysfunctions in the premotor areas of the left frontal cortex. High correlation is also found with rigidity in beliefs and, surprisingly, with short-term episodic memory quality (i.e., memory for recent events and actions). This suggests that short-term episodic memory is also tied to premotor regions, where current action plans are formed and kept “warm” during execution. Thus, premotor dysfunction leads to disruptions in movement/speech melody, recent action memory loss, and word retrieval difficulties (all rooted in impaired premotor planning).

12) Semantic (meaning-based) memory

1. I instantly recall the right words and examples. 0.84
2. I quickly and accurately remember auditory information like numbers, formulas, facts, or people’s speech patterns. 0.84
3. I learn quickly and remember new material easily and for a long time. 0.83
4. I remember various distances – between cities, to the Earth’s core, to the Moon, etc. 0.81
5. I can clearly and consistently express my thoughts in speech or writing. 0.80
6. In arguments, I always know in advance the point I want to make. 0.80
7. I’m a good speaker, able to explain things clearly and briefly. 0.79
8. Since childhood, I’ve remembered many school theorems, rules, poems. 0.79
9. I remember many historical dates. 0.78
10. I quickly recall the necessary association or memory without drifting to unrelated thoughts. 0.76
11. I know many jokes and can easily recall a fitting one. 0.75
12. I remember many poems and enjoy reciting them from memory. 0.62

13. I struggle to memorize verbal material – poems, surnames, names, phone numbers, etc. -0.61
14. I often try to grasp an elusive association or analogy, but can’t. -0.82
15. I almost never retained lecture material during lectures – at some point, I’d “drop out” of the explanation and always had to re-learn by reading textbooks and notes. -0.89
16. I always feel slightly unclear in my understanding of things. -0.90

Semantic memory profiles are most closely correlated with verbal memory profiles. Effective semantic memory also correlates with a higher frequency of left-sided temporal migraines compared to right-sided ones.

13) Short-term verbal memory

1. I can easily hold someone’s phone number or surname in my “working memory” during a long conversation until I can write it down. 0.93
2. I’m mentally good at not losing my place in a task even when temporarily switching attention. 0.87
3. I can hold a phone number in mind for a minute before writing it down. 0.82
4. I can repeat a long phrase just read or heard by someone else without error (test yourself by repeating this question aloud – no peeking!). 0.53
5. I can remember all the key turns and phrases in a long conversation. 0.32

6. Sometimes I forget the start of a long sentence by the time I reach the end, even its meaning. -0.68
7. I usually ask for phone numbers to be dictated digit by digit – I don’t trust my ability to remember them fully. -0.72
8. Sometimes during a conversation, I realize I no longer remember how it started. -0.82
9. I struggle to retain large chunks of information if I need to hold them in memory longer than 3–5 minutes. -0.90
10. While solving a problem, I keep forgetting its conditions and have to repeatedly check the original text. -0.95

Short-term verbal memory impairments correlate most strongly with difficulties concentrating and with distraction, as well as with interference (temporary attention shifts).

14) Effectiveness of suppressing interference-related distractions in short-term memory

1. I’m mentally good at not losing my place in a task even when temporarily switching attention. 0.85

2. My memory of the current task fades quickly if I get briefly distracted. -0.70
3. If I’m distracted even for a minute, I forget what I was talking about. -0.87
4. Sometimes I put something down, get briefly distracted, and can’t remember where I put it. -0.88
5. I forget what I was saying if someone interrupts with a different question. -0.91
6. Often (at least once every few days), I go to do something, get distracted for a minute, and then completely forget what I was about to do. -0.92

Interference is strongly correlated with reduced short-term memory performance.

15) Short-term episodic memory

1. I clearly remember even the smallest things I did in the past ten minutes – I never have memory gaps. 0.85

2. Sometimes I do things “on autopilot” and then can’t recall what exactly I did. -0.86
3. Occasionally, I completely forget events from the last few minutes. -0.89
4. Sometimes recent events and my actions are completely forgotten. -0.90
5. Sometimes I perform complex tasks automatically, then can’t say what I did – everything fades quickly. -0.94
6. Sometimes I can’t remember what I was doing over the past five minutes. -0.94
7. Occasionally, I can’t remember recent events from the past few hours. -0.98

Short-term episodic memory effectiveness correlates positively with pedantry and strict routine following, and negatively with disruptions in speech/movement melody and sequence (which depend on premotor areas of the left frontal cortex).

16) Effectiveness of transferring events and associations into long-term memory

1. I’ve always memorized new material quickly. 0.40
2. I learn quickly and remember new material easily and for a long time. 0.36

3. I poorly remember verbal material – names, surnames, what I read/heard. -0.46
4. My memory of the previous day is sometimes so fuzzy that I confuse fact with imagination. -0.63
5. Sometimes it’s hard to remember ongoing events – while they’re happening, I’m aware, but later it feels like a dream. -0.64
6. I often forget ideas that came to me, until the next time they pop up. -0.69
7. Sometimes I forget things from yesterday or the day before. -0.75
8. I involuntarily forget many events within 5–10 minutes. -0.76
9. I remember poorly in the long term – yesterday’s conversation often feels vague, with only a general impression remaining. -0.78
10. I try to recall something from the day, and think I remember, but people say it didn’t happen – “glitches” in memory. -0.82
11. I have memory problems. -0.88
12. I often forget promises because of being distracted. -0.92
13. Sometimes I just can’t remember what I did a couple of hours ago. -0.92

This trait correlates highly with the ability to maintain focused attention.

17) Memory related to time orientation and correlating the present with the general time scale

1. Even when half-asleep, I can always tell the current date and day of the week. 0.95

2. Sometimes I get confused about what month it currently is. -0.92

This type of memory is most strongly correlated with workaholism.

18) Self-assessment of memory overall

3. I have reason to complain about my memory – it sometimes lets me down. -0.46
4. Sometimes I have such strange “blanks” in consciousness that I can’t immediately realize where I am. -0.82
5. I often forget important things at work or at home. -0.83
6. I have memory problems. -0.86
7. I am forgetful. -0.89
8. I go through periods of forgetfulness. -0.94

This trait is most strongly correlated with sensing and general rational traits, i.e., selective associative processes (strong mental filters) and functional activity of the frontal cortex (responsible for rationality).

CONCLUSIONS

The results are shown in the three attached tables.

The best memory (on average across all 18 clusters) is found in the LSE.
The worst is in the ILE (followed by the IEI).

The traits most strongly associated with good memory are sensorics, rationality, and negativism.

Among the functions of the psyche, good memory is most strongly associated with Se, and poor memory – with Ne.

Neurophysiologically, it is known that at the level of neurotransmitter systems, good memory is primarily ensured by high activity of the acetylcholine system, followed by the norepinephrine and GABA systems (which support concentration).

At the level of the obtained profiles, acetylcholine is likely most responsible for sensorics, norepinephrine – for rationality and negativism, and GABA – for rationality. At the same time, acetylcholine and norepinephrine work on the extraversion pole, while GABA – on the introversion pole of the subject.