What are psychopathies and sociopathy in particular

Psychopathies are not diseases. In medicine they are considered as extreme variants of innate personality traits that lead their bearer to social maladaptation (that is, they create constant and quite serious problems either for the bearer of these traits, or for their social environment). Thus, all psychopathies (and there are many varieties of them) are the subject of socionics, being formed from combinations of the properties of several psychotypes. For example, for Se in a particular person to be especially strong, which often leads him to conflicts with the social environment, it is enough that in his type profile the peaks of SLE and SEE are simultaneously sharply raised, and the peaks of LII and EII, on the contrary, are both significantly lowered. And for a person to be both overly egocentric and at the same time emotionally insensitive, one must combine the properties of the types SLE and ILI, subtracting from them the properties of EII and ESE. The fact that psychopathies (now called in medicine “personality disorders”) are only some extreme personality variants, and not independent nosological units of some diseases, is also confirmed by the large number of combinations of symptoms of two different psychopathies in one person (again, as in the case of socionic types, here we are obviously talking about intermediate types between two extreme socially maladapted personality variants). The frequency of combinations of various psychopathies with each other can be assessed from the comorbidity table (that is, joint occurrence) of various personality disorders attached to the post. ![][image1]

Thus, psychopathies are not isolated units – there are many intermediate, transitional cases between them, and their space is actually continuous. And even the boundaries into which medicine usually “drives” each psychopathy are largely conventional. As we will see further, even in the psychiatric tradition of different countries they turn out to be significantly different (in America their own, in Europe – others). And now we will stop only at one psychopathy, from which the concept and the very name of psychopathies actually originated. It is about SOCIOPATHY, which today (if strictly scientifically) is called DISSOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER. According to its most general definition, SOCIOPATHY (that is, dissocial personality disorder) is such a personality variant that is characterized by antisociality, disregard for social norms, impulsivity, sometimes in combination with aggressiveness, and an extremely limited ability to form attachments. In the latest edition of the American manual on mental disorders DSM-5 it is noted that “psychopathy” and “sociopathy” are synonyms of dissocial personality disorder. For other types of personality disorders (psychopathies) the word “psychopathy” without an accompanying adjective is not accepted. For example, schizoid psychopathy – that is legitimate, it will be synonymous with schizoid personality disorder. But simply “PSYCHOPATHY”, without additional adjectives – here sociopathy, dissocial personality disorder, is always implied. Sociopathy is characterized by the following signs:
• a) heartless indifference to the feelings of others;
• b) a rude and persistent position of irresponsibility and neglect of social rules and duties;
• c) inability to maintain relationships in the absence of difficulties in their formation;
• d) extremely low ability to withstand frustration, as well as a low threshold for the discharge of aggression, including violence;
• e) inability to feel guilt and to learn from life experience, especially punishment;
• f) a pronounced tendency to blame others or to put forward plausible explanations for one's behavior that brings the subject into conflict with society.
As an additional sign, constant irritability may be present. In childhood and adolescence, a conduct disorder may serve as confirmation of the diagnosis, although it is not necessary. The above list is an assessment from a psychological point of view, used in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), including in Russia. However, as one psychiatrist friend said, “not everyone who is sick is sick. He becomes sick only after he either himself turns to a doctor, or when relatives and neighbors begin to complain about him”. Therefore, according to the modern American (USA) medical classification DSM-5, the diagnosis of sociopathy in the USA requires not so much the presence of descriptive psychological signs of the corresponding behavior, but primarily the presence of facts of real maladaptation of this person in society. Hence, in DSM-5, other criteria appear for sociopathy, more social than psychological:

1. Inability to conform to social norms, to respect laws, manifested in their systematic violation leading to arrests.
2. Deceitfulness, manifested in frequent lying, using aliases, or deceiving others in order to gain advantage.
3. Impulsivity or inability to plan ahead.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, manifested in frequent fights or other physical confrontations.
5. Riskiness without regard for the safety of oneself and others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility, manifested in repeated inability to sustain a certain work schedule or fulfill financial obligations.
7. Lack of remorse, manifested in indifferent attitudes to harming others, mistreating others or stealing from other people. A very recent study published in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology found that there are significant differences among sociopaths in different countries (med.vesti.ru/articles/p... ). While “callousness” and “lack of empathy” are the defining characteristics of the American sociopath, Dutch sociopaths are more likely to be inclined to “irresponsibility” and a “parasitic lifestyle”. In addition to “heartlessness” and “lack of empathy”, American psychopaths often showed signs of “shallow emotional experiences”. In contrast, Dutch psychopaths were “irresponsible” and “parasitic”, but “minor emotional experiences” became one of the most obvious characteristics. However, it is not that sociopaths in these two countries are different – it is that in these countries the criteria for assigning someone to sociopaths differ. And they differ quite significantly. If for the USA their own social relevance requires the attention of both law enforcement and psychiatrists to be focused on “psychopath-thugs” prone to callous violence, then in the peaceful and prosperous Netherlands, the attention of law enforcement (and after them – psychiatrists) turns out to be riveted rather to “psychopath-swindlers”. The first sociopaths are dangerous due to heartless murders, the second – due to irresponsible scamming and life parasitism that burdens Dutch social services with extra expenses. Formally, both of them can be fitted to both the criteria of the ICD-10 and the criteria of the DSM-5. This only suggests that these medical criteria are partly internally contradictory, since in reality we are talking about two very different human types, only formally united by these criteria (a murderer and a thief are united only by prison). In the following posts we will deal with all these differences in detail with the help of socionics.

Assembling the socionic profile of sociopathy

Taking now these criteria from both the ICD-10 list and the DSM-5 list, and splitting some obviously composite criteria into two parts, we obtain the following set of 15 diagnostic clusters for sociopathy:

1. Insensitivity to punishments and inability to learn from them
2. Inability to experience guilt
3. Readiness for theft or professing a “thief mentality,” justifying theft
4. Heartless indifference to the feelings of others
5. Inability to maintain long stable relationships with people, but with no difficulties in forming new relationships
6. Irresponsibility and neglect of social rules and duties
7. Impulsivity in decision-making
8. Increased risk-taking behavior without regard for the safety of oneself and others
9. Low threshold for aggression discharge, predisposition to violence
10. Does not admit own guilt, and when guilty, twists the conversation to supposedly blame others
11. Need to cause harm to others, pleasure from mistreating them
12. Low ability to withstand frustration (intolerance of any situations of dissatisfaction of one’s needs)
13. Constant irritability
14. Machiavellianism – other people are considered only as material, cynically used for self-interest
15. Hypocrisy, lying, deceiving others in order to gain benefit

Each of these clusters has its own corresponding list of questionnaire diagnostic items (statements) with known socionic profiles (we will provide these lists for all clusters later, when we examine these clusters individually).
For now, we will jump ahead and show what type and functional socionic profiles result for each of these clusters after averaging the marker questionnaire items included in their lists.
The type profiles (unnormalized, in real values expressed in fractions of the population standard deviation) are shown in attached Table No. 1.
The corresponding functional profiles are shown in Table No. 2 attached to the post.
And in Table No. 3 are shown correlations of the type profiles of each of the 15 sociopathy clusters with the type profiles of each of the 16 standard sociotypes (from this correlation table it is clear, by the way, that the classic sociopath does not correspond to any pure socionic psychotype – the closest to it is a type mixed between SLE, SEE and LIE).

Table 1. Type profiles

Table 2. Function profiles

Table 3. Linear correlations of type profiles of 15 clusters of sociopathy with type profiles of standard types

If in turn we average the profiles of all these 15 diagnostic clusters of sociopathy, we obtain the type profile of sociopathy itself as a special personality accentuation. The corresponding profiles (type, functional and trait) are shown in the attached image with diagrams.
Further, the type profile of sociopathy can be correlated with the type profiles of all 9000 questionnaire items from V.L. Talanov’s data bank. Below we took (without any additional filtering) the first 70 questionnaire items that received the highest correlation coefficients with the type profile of sociopathy. This list of 70 statements shows, obviously, the psychological portrait of the most typical sociopath (after each statement is its linear correlation coefficient with the type profile of sociopathy):

1. Exploiting fools and weaklings is normal and natural. 0.97
2. To achieve what is desired, any means are good. 0.96
3. Sometimes you smear someone – and your mood improves. 0.96
4. I feel like a fish in water in very tense and conflict-ridden situations. 0.95
5. In a conversation I usually first “press” on a new interlocutor, test him for strength, but if I see he is not afraid - I continue further in a courteous and polite manner. 0.95
6. I will reach my goal over the heads of others. 0.95
7. I know how to immediately counterattack and deliver sudden retaliatory blows when they are not yet expected. 0.95
8. I like the atmosphere of struggle. 0.94
9. I have more talent for impudence than others. 0.94
10. I like to move people like chess pieces. 0.94
11. In childhood fights I often tried to hit opponents right away in the stomach and groin. 0.94
12. If there is an opportunity to make others understand my superiority, I will not miss it. 0.94
13. I know how to be unceremonious. 0.93
14. There are many people whom I look down on. 0.93
15. I am fearless and go into danger calmly, without fearing in advance. 0.93
16. I get pleasure from causing someone discomfort and then watching the helpless victim squirm like a snake on a frying pan. 0.93
17. I like racing at maximum and even dangerous speed, independently controlling - car, motorcycle, airplane, horse, downhill skis - all the same. 0.93
18. Sometimes I like to anger others. 0.93
19. If I play any game with someone, I like to set all sorts of my own rules. 0.93
20. I get pleasure proving to another person that the guilty one is not me but him. 0.93
21. I always eagerly expect and track others’ “misses,” which allows me to take “prey” or seize a higher position in the social hierarchy. 0.93
22. I am a very proud and self-confident person - some say I am supposedly even arrogant. 0.93
23. I know how to be brazen. 0.93
24. I am prone to conflicts and aggression, especially when I am bored. 0.93
25. My favorite activity is tailoring reality to my goals. 0.93
26. People have sometimes reproached me for being overly aggressive and provoking conflicts. 0.92
27. In childhood my friends were fools compared to me - I often liked pestering and exhausting them. 0.92
28. If on an internet forum someone is rude to me or says obvious nonsense, then in response I immediately use swear words or other insults if the moderator does not ban for it. 0.92
29. I know how to demand what is mine and push aside rivals. 0.92
30. In childhood my games often ended in scandals and fights. 0.92
31. In an argument I’m interested not so much in defending my point of view as in cornering my opponent. 0.91
32. Whatever a person says, I can, if necessary, turn everything said to my advantage and to his detriment. 0.91
33. I can, if needed, be cruel and unceremonious. 0.91
34. I know how to “knock out” from the boss everything I need without hesitation. 0.91
35. I am prone to disputes and confrontations. 0.91
36. For the sake of my family one can take something from another’s. 0.91
37. In an argument I continue to stand my ground purely out of principle, even if I see I am wrong, and I never compromise 0.91
38. Sometimes I entertain myself by “trolling” on the Internet, deliberately intervening to provoke irritation and unpleasant feelings in some participants of discussions. 0.91
39. I like competing. 0.91
40. I get pleasure if I manage to cause discomfort to someone equal or superior to me. 0.91
41. I openly state my demands and easily enter into a quarrel. 0.91
42. Once a week or more often out of anger I kick something or someone. 0.91
43. I think that I can easily walk barefoot across hot coals on a bet. 0.91
44. Trying to achieve something, I usually step on competitors with a “broad front,” in many directions simultaneously. 0.91
45. I really like to subjugate the external environment, imposing my will. 0.91
46. Sometimes I can take someone else’s if I really want something. 0.91
47. I like manipulating people, striving for power and fame. 0.91
48. Better than others I know how to resist, not obey and put up opposition. 0.91
49. I know how to consider human material and use it as a tool in the struggle for power. 0.91
50. In case of impending danger I can mobilize and concentrate all forces for repulse faster than other people. 0.91
51. I need leadership, not brotherhood. 0.91
52. Periodically in conversation with my acquaintances I try to prophylactically “put someone in their place” so they don’t get too full of themselves. 0.91
53. I always behave like a person endowed with power and authority. 0.91
54. In my emotional fantasies I have often imagined myself in the future in the role of a leader of a large group of people. 0.91
55. In childhood in games I liked shoving, pushing or grabbing peers with my hands. 0.91
56. Sometimes my loved ones grumble that I “exploit” them, make them work for me, and at the same time pay little attention to their interests. 0.91
57. I feel like a fish in water in an atmosphere of conflict tension and mass passions. 0.91
58. Inventing and using traps for people is pleasant and fun. 0.91
59. Sometimes I like negatively influencing the emotions of others, winding people up, knocking them out of their usual cozy balance. 0.91
60. I know how to put pressure on the weak points of an opponent and love doing that. 0.91
61. I believe that if a wealthy person is stupid and trusting, then it is simply a sin not to make him share his money. 0.90
62. I often have conflicts with others. 0.90
63. The power to subjugate and command is needed by me not for anything - it is pleasant in itself. 0.90
64. Sometimes I say something nasty, and I feel relieved. 0.90
65. My household critics or ill-wishers sometimes reproach me that I supposedly compensate my ignorance with self-confidence. 0.90
66. I know how to “put in place” the weak and worthless. 0.90
67. The higher the stakes in a game, the more it attracts me. 0.90
68. Sometimes I like to mock some people. 0.90
69. I feel confident in critical situations with many influencing forces and lack of time. 0.90
70. I have always acted boldly, without being afraid of punishments. 0.90

Examining sociopathy clusters in detail

We promised to present the list of questionnaire items from which each cluster consists (since by averaging the type profiles of the corresponding questionnaire items from the list one actually obtains in the end the type profile of the cluster itself).
So, let us present these item lists (so that it is obvious to everyone that the work of constructing the type profiles of the sociopathy clusters, and ultimately of sociopathy itself, our beloved one, has been done in a clean way). At the end of each questionnaire statement from the lists given, the number shows the linear correlation of its socionic type profile with the type profile of integral sociopathy (as the sum of the properties of all 15 clusters).

1) INSENSITIVITY TO PUNISHMENTS AND INABILITY TO LEARN FROM THEM

1. I am not very sensitive to punishments. 0,89
2. My household critics or ill-wishers sometimes reproach me that I supposedly compensate for my ignorance with self-confidence. 0,90
3. I have always acted bravely, without fearing punishments. 0,90

4. I always tense up in anticipation of some painful sensation. -0,72
5. Experiencing fear is a frequent feeling for me. -0,69
6. I am easily hurt by a careless word. -0,78
7. I am deeply hurt by others’ negative attitude toward me. -0,78
8. I always get very upset and lose my composure because of any kind of damage. -0,67
9. I react painfully to any awkward situations in social contacts. -0,77
10. I am very vulnerable to remarks from others. -0,78
11. I am very sensitive to pain and punishments. -0,81
12. I focus more not on achieving success, but on protecting myself from failures. -0,82
13. I am a person who is highly vulnerable to how people relate to me. -0,81
14. Avoiding pain is usually more important to me than experiencing pleasure. -0,77
15. Any thought about troubles, if I let it into my head, can spoil my mood for a long time. -0,78
16. Current, momentary failures strongly knock me “off track”. -0,82
17. I react very painfully and sensitively to any injustice committed both against me and against other people. -0,77
18. In social situations I often fear ending up in an awkward position. -0,79
19. I am more often guided by fear of failure or punishment than by hope for triumph. -0,85
20. I have always been somewhat afraid of punishments. -0,91
21. I am very sensitive to hurts and punishments. -0,87

2) INABILITY TO EXPERIENCE GUILT

22. I am vain, and I do not like to admit my guilt. 0,88
23. I experience furious indignation more often than a feeling of hurt or shameful awkwardness. 0,88
24. Even when I act badly, embarrassment, shame or guilt are clearly not my feelings. 0,87
25. Others probably doubt, but I very rarely doubt anything. 0,83
26. If I am reproached for something, I do not feel shame or remorse, I feel only reactive hurt and a desire to definitely insist on my own. 0,80
27. Almost always it is only those who envy me that criticize me. 0,78
28. Sometimes I am reproached for being “shameless”. 0,77
29. It is true that I practically never feel guilt for any of my actions. 0,76
30. I do not like prigs; they are always somehow “sulking” at me. 0,76
31. I am almost always completely confident in myself, without a shadow of doubt, hesitation or reflection. 0,76

32. I experience feelings of guilt heavily. -0,76
33. I am often bothered by prolonged feelings of guilt. -0,80
34. If I accidentally bump into someone, I always apologize. -0,81
35. I am more conscientious than others. -0,84
36. Morally, I am more demanding of myself than of others. -0,85
37. I often worry for a long time over some trivial mistake. -0,88
38. I often experience feelings of guilt. -0,88
39. I am sensitive to awkward moments in communication, and then for a long time I worry about who said what. -0,89
40. I am haunted by guilt for some of my actions. -0,90
41. I sometimes experience strong and prolonged shame from awkward situations I have gotten into. -0,91
42. I always experience painful feelings if, judging by other people’s reactions, I have done something “not right” in public. -0,92
43. For quite a long time I feel ashamed and worried when I end up in an awkward situation. -0,95
44. I feel uncomfortable if I accidentally cause someone significant discomfort (by being late, saying something awkward, etc.). -0,97
45. I feel extremely uncomfortable in company if I sense someone’s negative attitude toward me. -0,98

3) READINESS FOR THEFT OR ADHERENCE TO A THIEF MENTALITY, JUSTIFICATION OF THEFT

46. Sometimes I can take someone else’s if I really want something. 0,91
47. For the sake of my family one can take something from someone else’s. 0,91
48. I believe that if a well-off person is stupid and trusting, then it is simply a sin not to make him share his money. 0,90
49. If a person has trusted you, then he is completely at your disposal. 0,90
50. If there is a fearless and painless opportunity to quietly grab something that belongs to someone else, then why not do it. 0,85
51. It is hard to seriously pity people who fall for scammers’ tricks, because after all they are all suckers. 0,84
52. A sucker is not the one who lost and was therefore billed, but the one who pays that bill. 0,83
53. Sometimes I prove to some people who like to boast about their supposed decency that they are not honest at all, as they claim, but are also thieves and guided by base motives. 0,80
54. Almost any person deep down is a potential thief and corrupt official, whatever he may imagine about himself. 0,77
55. Almost everyone will steal if the amount is large and there is no risk of getting caught. 0,72

5) HEARTLESS INDIFFERENCE TO THE FEELINGS OF OTHER PEOPLE

56. I will go toward my goal over the heads of others. 0,95
57. I know how to be unceremonious. 0,93
58. I get pleasure from causing someone discomfort and then watching how the helpless victim wriggles from it like a snake on a frying pan. 0,93
59. Sometimes I like to anger those around me. 0,93
60. In childhood my friends were fools compared to me – I often liked pestering and tormenting them. 0,92
61. In games with my parents, as a child, I liked to pinch them painfully or hit them with my hand – they got angry, and I laughed and started again. 0,90
62. In a good mood I like to play with people, somehow “squeezing” their interests in favor of my own. 0,90
63. The world is cruel, and I am always on the side of the winners, not the victims. 0,89
64. All other things being equal, I could quite well work as an agent in a debt-collection office “knocking out” debts. 0,89
65. I get aroused and intensify pressure when I encounter someone else’s obedience and submissiveness. 0,89
66. I know how to move toward my goal, completely trampling other people’s interests. 0,88
67. For the sake of the benefit of the cause I do not hesitate to be rude. 0,88
68. I like to test and try people, watching from the side how they will get out of a difficult situation. 0,88
69. I know how to treat people mercilessly. 0,88
70. I like to test new acquaintances by deliberately creating some situation for them and watching how they will get out of it. 0,88
71. It is easy for me to say to a person’s face all the unpleasant things I think about him. 0,82
72. In my strong passions I generally ignore how they may reflect on the feelings of other people. 0,77
73. I like jokes that some people sometimes find rather crude and inappropriate. 0,77
74. When someone seems to be seeking sympathy from me, my first reaction is to respond with a light tease or to give sympathy mixed with teasing. 0,75
75. The rights and feelings of other people hardly concern me. 0,71
76. Other people’s grievances generally seem silly to me and only irritate me. 0,70
77. I don’t give a damn about the opinions of others. 0,66
78. I do not like empathizing with others – let them worry for themselves. 0,61
79. I usually neglect other people’s reactions and feelings in order to restore order. 0,60
80. If I see people crying, this usually does not evoke my own sadness in any way. 0,60
81. An interlocutor’s anger usually does not touch me and does not change my mood. 0,59
82. The sight of an irritated and angry person will not affect my state and my feelings. 0,56
83. I treat all sorts of “subtle” feelings rather with irony. 0,55
84. The misfortunes of my friends will not make me feel anything special. 0,54
85. When I see that someone has been treated unfairly, I sometimes do not feel all that much sympathy. 0,53
86. The emotions of my friends don’t affect me very strongly. 0,53
87. I easily distance myself from old emotions, from the experiences of past emotional shocks. 0,53
88. Other people’s opinions hardly interest me. 0,52
89. I depend little on the states of others and often remain calm even if everyone around is agitated. 0,52
90. I care little about other people, and therefore I assimilate other people’s experience with difficulty and reluctance – in life I rely almost exclusively on my own experience. 0,52
91. The feelings of other people in most cases hardly touch or bother me. 0,52
92. I am indifferent to remarks and criticism addressed to me – they rarely seriously touch me, and in any case do not excite or greatly stimulate me. 0,51
93. In relationships with people I often lack sensitivity and tact. 0,49
94. Other people’s misfortunes usually do not trouble me. 0,48
95. Sometimes I do not particularly pity other people when they have problems. 0,46
96. My character probably contains more indifference and imperturbable “couldn’t-care-less” attitude than others have. 0,44
97. The misfortunes of my friends do not make me feel anything special. 0,43
98. I almost never empathize with the problems of movie characters – after all, it’s all make-believe. 0,41
99. I almost never sympathize with film characters – after all, it’s all make-believe. 0,41
100. My emotions cool quickly – I can talk about past events I have lived through, even terrible ones, absolutely calmly, “with a cold nose”. 0,40
101. I am not very perceptive of other people’s experiences. 0,38
102. I am usually not very sensitive to the moods of those around me. 0,37
103. I most often ignore the current and changing emotions of the people around me if they are not directed at me personally for a long time. 0,36
104. I do not always understand what exactly in a conversation offended my interlocutor. 0,34
105. It is hard for me to “feel” someone else’s joy. 0,34
106. I do not always understand when exactly people are upset and offended – when they are sobbing their eyes out, that’s clear. 0,34
107. I am little interested in which specific person said something concrete, and in general I am little interested in differences between other people – I am quite satisfied that for me they are all the same. 0,33
108. Emotions do not affect me deeply. 0,28
109. I am emotionally “near-sighted” and usually distinguish in others only very bright and strong experiences. 0,21

110. It is unpleasant for me to watch another person grimace from pain – I immediately begin to feel something similar to his torment myself. -0,77
111. I perceive someone else’s pain with torment. -0,78
112. I always experience an acute painful reaction when I feel injustice, observe inequality or see someone’s deprivation. -0,82
113. I always keep gratitude for a long time toward those who helped me and I reciprocate. -0,83
114. I experience anxious agitation and feel very upset if I see animals suffering. -0,83
115. I try to make sure that no one feels hurt by my actions. -0,84
116. I am strongly suggestible by other people’s needs. -0,86
117. Other people’s hatred or suffering depresses me and throws me off balance. -0,88
118. Before criticizing someone, I try to imagine how I would feel if I were in his place. -0,88
119. If I walk through a field or forest, I try not to step on flowers and insects visible to the eye. -0,91
120. My trouble is that I never refuse when asked for help. -0,93
121. It is true that I never allow myself actions that are unjust toward other people or humiliate someone. -0,94
122. A sincere respect for “little” people is characteristic of me. -0,94
123. I clearly have a higher-than-average level of respect for the rights and interests of other people. -0,96
124. When I walk through grass in a field, I try not to step on flowers. -0,97

In this last list, the questionnaire items from the 26th to the 54th, as it turns out, have a rather weak correlation with overall sociopathy. Although for the first ten items in the list this correlation is very high. Why such a difference? Obviously, the first items reflect not only the weakness of both ethical functions, but also a strongly expressed pole of Decisiveness, especially strong Se. And without them, it turns out, there is no sociopathy. In contrast, the items from the 39th to the 54th reflect exclusively and only ethical-emotional weakness. Yes, this is also emotional insensitivity, but it is passive insensitivity; it is not yet cruelty. It turns out that for an item to be connected with sociopathy (as it is understood in ICD-10 and DSM-5), passive emotional insensitivity alone is not enough; active cruelty due to Se is also needed.

5) INABILITY TO MAINTAIN LONG STABLE RELATIONSHIPS WITH PEOPLE, BUT WITHOUT DIFFICULTIES IN ESTABLISHING NEW RELATIONSHIPS

5. I know how to be unceremonious. 0,93
6. My presence in a group sometimes makes it harder and knocks down other people’s initiative. 0,89
7. More often I end up winding people up than calming them down. 0,89
8. I derive pleasure from someone else’s hostility – hatred means fear and respect, and I like it when they fear and respect me. 0,87
9. I often give instructions to others, but I myself cannot stand a commanding tone. 0,86
10. Sometimes I deliberately provoke people into disrespecting me – I couldn’t care less about their respect. 0,86
11. I need a variety of sexual partners, otherwise I feel uncomfortable and joyless. 0,86

12. I often remember and think about my deep gratitude to the people who throughout my life have given me support. -0,77
13. Before saying something, I always definitely estimate whether it will lead to conflict and worsen my relations with the person. -0,77
14. I am diligent in making sure that I do not quarrel with anyone. -0,86

6) IRRESPONSIBILITY AND NEGLECT OF SOCIAL RULES AND DUTIES

15. To achieve what is desired, any means are good. 0,96
16. I always eagerly wait for and track other people’s “misses,” which allows me to take “the prey” or seize a higher position in the social hierarchy. 0,93
17. For the sake of my family one can take something from someone else’s. 0,91
18. Sometimes I can take someone else’s if I really want something. 0,91
19. I believe that if a well-off person is stupid and trusting, then it is simply a sin not to make him share his money. 0,90
20. I like to win or, more often, “buy” for myself the right to break generally established prohibitions, because such a right gives great pleasure. 0,90
21. My worldview quite corresponds to the sayings “There is no defense against a crowbar,” “Don’t get caught,” and “Not caught – not a thief.” 0,89
22. If a person has trusted you, then he is completely at your disposal. 0,89
23. To infringe in something on my child’s classmates in order to promote the child himself – that is not a sin, but a good deed. 0,87
24. “After us, the deluge” – well, I almost agree with that. 0,87
25. There is strong insubordination in me. 0,86
26. Sometimes I deliberately provoke people into disrespecting me – I couldn’t care less about their respect. 0,86
27. If there is a fearless and painless opportunity to quietly grab something that belongs to someone else, then why not do it. 0,86
28. So-called “hazing” in the army is a normal phenomenon; it should be controlled, but not eliminated. 0,85
29. It is hard to seriously pity people who fall for scammers’ tricks, because after all they are all suckers. 0,85
30. A sucker is not the one who lost and was therefore billed, but the one who pays that bill. 0,84
31. “If not for myself, then not for others either” – sometimes I act exactly like this. 0,82
32. I will easily go against public opinion if I want to. 0,81
33. The one who should answer is not the one who is guilty, but the one who got caught. 0,75
34. Sometimes I am not always accurate in terms of generally accepted order and violate rules of communal living when it is convenient for me personally. 0,75
35. Doing something for someone while forgetting about myself – well, that is definitely not about me. 0,75
36. In war it is quite permissible to kill obstructing enemies even with the help of poisons, radiation and sulfuric acid, and not only with bullets. 0,72
37. I pay less and more rarely than others attention to different kinds of prohibitions and limitations – they are not written for me. 0,69
38. In life I am guided by this: “You must know not the rules, but the cost of breaking them.” 0,67
39. Personal benefit is usually more important to me than the common good. 0,73

40. I am a supporter of discipline and order, but based not on administrative pressure, but on conscience, duty and personal responsibility. -0,65
41. I hate in people egoism and indifference to common interests. -0,72
42. I have often, on my own initiative, sacrificed personal interests for the sake of common ones. -0,80
43. I am attentive and sensitive to warning signals that stop me. -0,82
44. Even if it were possible to partially evade them, I would still fully pay all due taxes. -0,82
45. From kindergarten onward, children must be taught the sacredness of other people’s rights and other people’s lives. -0,84
46. I am more of an altruist than an egoist. -0,85
47. I am more inclined than others to sacrifice my interests for the sake of other people or the common good. -0,90
48. When making decisions, I always involuntarily think about whether they will harm the interests of humanity, society and other people. -0,93

7) IMPULSIVENESS IN DECISION-MAKING

49. I feel like a fish in water in very tense and conflict-ridden situations. 0,95
50. I have more talent for impudence than others. 0,94
51. I know how to be unceremonious. 0,93
52. I know how to be brazen. 0,93
53. I feel confident in critical situations with many influencing forces and a shortage of time. 0,90
54. I can rather be called a “radical,” a supporter of extreme solutions, than a person of moderate views and a supporter of gradual changes. 0,89
55. I feel like a “fish in water” in critical, rapidly changing situations when others hesitate and are at a loss. 0,88
56. Sometimes, out of boredom, I like to knock people out of balance – for this I deliberately say offensive things to them. 0,86
57. I get pleasure from any stressful situation if I “get into the groove.” 0,85
58. Others probably doubt, but I very rarely doubt anything. 0,84
59. In a started attack on an enemy, it is sometimes difficult for me to brake in time. 0,83
60. I like tense, critical situations with a lack of time, where the winner is the one who finds an original solution faster. 0,82
61. I generally make decisions without doubts and hesitations, quickly and definitively. 0,82
62. I make decisions quickly, without thinking for long. 0,81
63. I am always ready for action, struggle and movement. 0,81
64. I quickly switch between states of full relaxation and full mobilization. 0,80
65. In stressful situations I become more dexterous in my movements than usual – for example, I can instantly ward off a blow with my hand, catch a falling object, etc. 0,78
66. I usually choose between two alternatives easily and without thinking. 0,78
67. If I were a film director, I would like sharp and unexpected changes of shots in my film that make viewers jump. 0,73
68. If I want to eat, drink or smoke, then I would even break into a store at night (a joke), but I will get what I want. 0,73
69. In childhood I was sometimes absolutely untrainable and almost insane due to my love of freedom, but I was not offended if they called me frozen and crazy – I knew very well that I was worth more than a thousand of them. 0,72
70. The saying “I came, I saw, I conquered” is closer and dearer to me than the saying “Patience and work will grind everything.” 0,71
71. My work is much more productive if there are critical conditions of acute time shortage, time pressure, nervous tension around me. 0,71
72. In sexual aspects it is hard for me to restrain and postpone my desires. 0,69
73. Sometimes in company I speak off-topic, but even realizing this, I never feel self-conscious, because the main thing is to seize the initiative. 0,68

74. It is difficult for me to switch – at the beginning of some task it is not easy for me to “enter” into the assignment, understand the instructions and start work, and then it is difficult to switch from one task to another. -0,79
75. I rarely make decisions immediately, at the first attempt. -0,85
76. I spend a lot of time thinking over and making decisions. -0,86
77. Sometimes I hesitate for a long time in choosing a solution. -0,87
78. Indecisiveness is often characteristic of me, and I lack an immediate reaction to changes in the situation. -0,89
79. I spend a lot of time making decisions. -0,93

8) INCREASED RISKINESS OF BEHAVIOR WITHOUT REGARD FOR THE SAFETY OF ONESELF AND OTHERS.

80. I am fearless and go into danger calmly, without fearing anything in advance. 0,93
81. I like racing at maximum and even dangerous speed, independently controlling – car, motorcycle, airplane, horse, downhill skis – it’s all the same. 0,93
82. I think that on a bet I would easily walk barefoot across hot coals. 0,91
83. The higher the stakes in a game, the more it attracts me. 0,90
84. I like to test on myself and experience new dangers that require my full mobilization and expand the range of my skills. 0,90
85. I can rather be called a “radical,” a supporter of extreme solutions, than a person of moderate views and a supporter of gradual changes. 0,89
86. I am a fearless person. 0,88
87. In a dangerous situation I behave deliberately calmly and cool-bloodedly; a warning about danger arouses in me not fear, but interest and a desire to test myself. 0,86
88. One of my brightest qualities is that I like to play with dangerous elements, in this game learning about the world and perfecting myself. 0,86
89. It is true that I practically never fear anything. 0,85
90. I like fast, risky driving. 0,85
91. For a good reward or as a kind of “test of endurance” I could probably pierce my own palm through with a metal needle (of course, after first disinfecting the needle). 0,84
92. I often have states with such a feeling that I can do everything and the sea is only knee-deep for me. 0,82
93. It is true that I am distinguished by courage on the verge of indifference to danger, and I extremely rarely think about dangers, threats, and the need for safety measures. 0,82
94. I am a brave person in my striving for success. 0,82
95. I often choose risky bets in a game. 0,82
96. I love nerve-exciting risk. 0,81
97. Most often the first thought when someone tries to warn me about something is: isn’t my interlocutor an idiot? 0,80
98. I like extreme sports – I like feeling out the limits of my courage. 0,80
99. I would gladly ride a motorcycle or racing car at maximum speed. 0,79
100. From time to time I like an unsettled life, sometimes even on the verge of a feat or survival. 0,78
101. At what minimum distance to the edge of an unfenced flat roof of a ten-story building can you approach without your knees trembling? 1) 4 meters 2) 2 meters 3) 1 meter 4) 50 centimeters 5) 10 centimeters. 0,76
102. I am constantly overcome by boredom if I do not take risks and do not receive new sharp and thrilling sensations. 0,76
103. I often have a “hypomanic” mood, that is, such when self-confidence “goes off scale” and absolutely everything seems within my power. 0,75
104. I like speeding in a car (or on a motorcycle, etc.) at high speed; for this I could even break the rules. 0,73
105. Sometimes in my readiness to take risks I get “carried away too far”. 0,69
106. I am attracted to situations that stir the nerves with a slight fear. 0,67

107. In amusement parks I have always avoided the most dizzying rides. -0,69
108. No reward will ever entice me into a risky undertaking. -0,78
109. I will by no means ride on high-speed roller coasters – it’s too scary. -0,78
110. Compared to others, I always try to avoid risky and dangerous situations. -0,79
111. I avoid playing games with high stakes. -0,83
112. I almost always feel fear if the driver of a car is a daredevil and I have to rush with him at high speed along a road with sharp bends. -0,86
113. In emergency situations I usually feel scared and uncomfortable. -0,94

9) LOW THRESHOLD OF AGGRESSION DISCHARGE, PREDISPOSITION TO VIOLENCE

1. I know how to switch to an immediate counterattack and deliver sudden retaliatory blows when they are not yet expected. 0,95
2. In childhood fights I often tried to hit opponents right away in the stomach and groin. 0,94
3. I am prone to conflicts and aggression, especially when I am bored. 0,93
4. People have sometimes reproached me for being supposedly overly aggressive and provoking conflicts. 0,92
5. If on an internet forum someone is rude to me or says obvious nonsense, then in response I immediately use swear words or other insults if the moderator does not ban for it. 0,92
6. In childhood my games often ended in scandals and fights. 0,92
7. I openly state my demands and easily enter into a quarrel. 0,91
8. Once a week or more often out of anger I kick something or someone. 0,91
9. In childhood in games I liked shoving, pushing or grabbing peers with my hands. 0,91
10. I often have conflicts with others. 0,90
11. In games with my parents, as a child, I liked to pinch them painfully or hit them with my hand – they got angry, and I laughed and started again. 0,90
12. I quite often, on my own initiative, “wage war” and quarrel with my relatives. 0,90
13. I would gladly keep a combat pistol at home, if it were allowed. 0,89
14. Disappointing me is very dangerous – I am capable of a very sharp reaction in return, and with a person who has lost value for me I will not stand on ceremony and can treat him quite harshly. 0,88
15. In my school years I had conflicts with teachers. 0,88
16. Alcohol usually increases my desire for conflict or even a fight. 0,87
17. I like to act with aggression, force and threat. 0,87
18. From the point of view of some people around, I sometimes am (at least once or twice a week) an exceptionally vicious creature. 0,87
19. When I am bored, I like to “pick on” the friends present. 0,87
20. Violence is an acceptable method for solving very many problems. 0,87
21. It has happened that for a joke I threatened someone with a knife. 0,86
22. I am often excitably angry and intolerant toward others. 0,85
23. I must admit, I have a habit of shouting at someone in the morning, venting my bad mood. 0,85
24. I quite often experience anger, malice or rage. 0,85
25. Sometimes I mentally “take aim” at certain people, as if I had a weapon in my hands. 0,85
26. I often feel how an irritable aggression is “swelling up” in me, seeking an outlet. 0,84
27. I like reading stories about all kinds of violence. 0,84
28. Sometimes bad words or sharp remarks fly out of my mouth by themselves. 0,84
29. A victorious war is better than a bad peace. 0,84
30. Sometimes in dealing with people I have a desire to beat up certain ones. 0,83
31. I often behave aggressively and intemperately. 0,83
32. If I get angry, I can seriously hit the offender. 0,83
33. I am aggressive, I have the habit of solving problems with people through threats; it is difficult for me to maintain calm, conflict-free relations with others. 0,82
34. My character is characterized by accumulating explosiveness, irascibility. 0,82
35. I quite often experience anger or rage. 0,82
36. In childhood, if someone older hurt me even quite accidentally, I tried to immediately repay with even greater pain. 0,82
37. Sometimes I have a strong urge to spit in certain people’s faces. 0,82
38. I often have outbursts of malice. 0,81
39. As a child I was quite an aggressive child. 0,81
40. In childhood I often broke established rules, fought and frequently conflicted in the family. 0,81
41. On average, at least once a day I experience a rising wave of excitement in my soul from almost sweet hatred. 0,80
42. In a state of nervous tension I become noticeably more aggressive. 0,79
43. Sometimes I dream of a future war – how it will unfold and what I will do. 0,78
44. Once every few days or more often I experience a state of anger (rage, aggressive malice). 0,77
45. I am often intemperate, I show anger or aggression. 0,76
46. Sometimes I behave like a bully toward superiors. 0,76

47. In response to an insult my first reaction will definitely be to respond in words; it would never occur to me to hit back or make an obscene gesture. -0,79
48. The thought of the pain I can cause myself and others always stops my rage. -0,87
49. Any violence shocks and disgusts me. -0,90
50. If I turn on a TV channel and immediately see that there is some person sneaking with a pistol or hitting someone in the jaw, then this film is already obviously uninteresting to me. -0,91
51. Compared to others I am a very peace-loving person, alien even to thoughts of violence. -0,92

10) DOES NOT ADMIT OWN GUILT, AND HAVING DONE WRONG, TWISTS THE CONVERSATION TO THE ALLEGED GUILT OF OTHERS

1. I get pleasure from proving to another person that the guilty one is not me but him. 0,93
2. Whatever a person says, I can, if necessary, turn everything said to my advantage and to his detriment. 0,91
3. I am vain, and I do not like to admit my guilt. 0,89
4. I am capable of very unflattering assessments of many of my acquaintances. 0,87
5. I know how to prove to people that they owe me something. 0,87
6. I accurately notice others’ weaknesses and mistakes and never miss a chance to “ride” on that. 0,86
7. I know how and like to shame out loud and verbally mock a person if he has annoyed me or behaves not as I would like. 0,86
8. I often voice claims against people. 0,86
9. Sometimes, by inertia, I stubbornly continue to argue even when I have already realized that I was wrong and mistaken. 0,85
10. I often encounter envy toward my mind and success. 0,84
11. I like to draw attention to someone’s mistakes and argue with them. 0,83
12. It is true that I never admit my wrongness in anything out loud. 0,82
13. I know how to verbally humiliate another person who has annoyed me in some way. 0,82
14. Criticizing other people’s views and statements is always pleasant for me. 0,82
15. There are people who often try to criticize me, but they almost always talk nonsense. 0,81
16. It is almost always interesting to catch someone in dishonesty. 0,81
17. I often use irony, making someone or something look ridiculous and absurd. 0,78
18. Almost always, only those who envy me criticize me. 0,77
19. In most situations I am very resourceful when trouble threatens. 0,76
20. Since childhood I have had good abilities for verbal manipulations in my favor – “demagogy,” as my relatives reproached me. 0,75
21. I like to joke with friends, deliberately highlighting in conversation their moral transgressions. 0,71
22. I do not like to feel like a loser, so if I lose some game for money, I try to turn my prior agreements with my partner into a joke. 0,70

11) NEED TO CAUSE HARM TO OTHER PEOPLE, PLEASURE FROM MISTREATING THEM

1. Exploiting fools and weaklings is normal and natural. 0,97
2. Sometimes you smear someone – and your mood improves. 0,96
3. I get pleasure from causing someone discomfort and then watching how the helpless victim wriggles from it like a snake on a frying pan. 0,93
4. Sometimes I like to anger those around me. 0,93
5. I always eagerly wait for and track other people’s “misses,” which allows me to take “the prey” or seize a higher position in the social hierarchy. 0,93
6. In childhood my friends were fools compared to me – I often liked pestering and tormenting them. 0,92
7. Whatever a person says, I can, if necessary, turn everything said to my advantage and to his detriment. 0,91
8. I can, if needed, be cruel and unceremonious. 0,91
9. Sometimes I entertain myself by “trolling” on the Internet, deliberately intervening to provoke irritation and unpleasant feelings in some participants of discussions. 0,91
10. I get pleasure if I manage to cause discomfort to someone equal or superior to me. 0,91
11. From time to time in conversation with my acquaintances I try to “put someone down” prophylactically so they don’t get too full of themselves. 0,91
12. Inventing and using traps for people is pleasant and fun. 0,91
13. Sometimes I like to negatively influence the emotions of others, winding people up, knocking them out of their usual cozy balance. 0,91
14. Sometimes I say something nasty, and I feel relieved. 0,90
15. Sometimes I like to mock certain people. 0,90
16. In games with my parents, as a child, I liked to pinch them painfully or hit them with my hand – they got angry, and I laughed and started again. 0,90
17. In a good mood I like to play with people, somehow “squeezing” their interests in favor of my own. 0,90
18. In discussion I rarely feel goodwill toward my opponent, so sometimes I exaggerate and “distort” his words. 0,90
19. I hate weaklings. 0,89
20. When I see that someone is angry at me, I want to anger him even more. 0,89
21. Sometimes I deliberately needle people, provoking them to retaliatory aggression. 0,88
22. I like to test and try people, watching from the side how they will get out of a difficult situation. 0,88
23. I like to test new acquaintances by deliberately creating some situation for them and watching how they will get out of it. 0,88
24. As a child I sometimes liked to bother peers by deliberately breaking their toys. 0,87
25. Sometimes I like to jeer at certain people. 0,87
26. I like offending certain people – sometimes I like bringing them to emotional distress and even to tears. 0,87
27. I often like to laugh out loud at those who have lost to me in some game. 0,87
28. I get pleasure from tormenting certain people around me. 0,87
29. When I am bored, I like to “pick on” the friends present. 0,87
30. Sometimes I like to “clown around” at some people’s expense, using the tools of irony and sarcasm. 0,86
31. Everyone in this life must first of all think and care about himself, without being afraid to infringe on another – after all, the world is based on competition for a reason. 0,86
32. I know how and like to shame out loud and verbally mock a person if he has annoyed me or behaves not as I would like. 0,86
33. Sometimes I can, without any reason, refuse or even mock a person if he asks me to lend him something for a few minutes to use. 0,86
34. Sometimes, out of boredom, I like to knock people out of balance – for this I deliberately say offensive things to them. 0,86
35. Sometimes I like to see someone else’s fear. 0,86
36. Sometimes someone else’s fear gives me satisfaction. 0,86
37. Sometimes I like to cause another person pain. 0,84
38. In an atmosphere of other people’s troubles I feel calm and imperturbable, and therefore I can provide help. 0,84
39. Sometimes I feel like doing some small harm to certain people – to burn something in their house, break something, spoil something. 0,83
40. I know how to get pleasure from someone else’s bad mood. 0,83
41. Sometimes I deliberately do or say something nasty to evoke an unpleasant feeling in a person and watch his reaction. 0,83
42. If I see an obvious weakling, then often purely automatically I immediately want somehow to put him down, “kick” him, ridicule him, etc. 0,83
43. Inventing traps for people is interesting. 0,83
44. It is possible that in my behavior some notes of sadism sometimes break through. 0,83
45. Sometimes I entertain myself with psychological “attacks” on another person – to see how he gets nervous and how his mood gradually worsens. 0,83
46. Sometimes, due to the properties of my character, I torment another. 0,82
47. Quite often I like to tease my friends, driving them out of their temper. 0,71
48. Sometimes I deliberately and for a long time “get at” someone with certain actions – because it is interesting to observe his reaction. 0,71

12) LOW ABILITY TO ENDURE FRUSTRATION (INTOLERANCE OF ANY SITUATIONS IN WHICH ONE’S NEEDS ARE NOT SATISFIED)

12. Disappointing me is very dangerous – I am capable of a very sharp reaction in return, and with a person who has lost value for me I will not stand on ceremony and can treat him quite harshly. 0,88
13. Other people’s resistance only increases my stubbornness. 0,86
14. Enemies definitely must be avenged – up to their destruction. 0,83
15. If I had the necessary power, I would crush all those who disagree with me. 0,82
16. My character is characterized by accumulating explosiveness, irascibility. 0,82
17. If I am fired up by some idea, then I cannot be stopped – I will overcome any obstacles. 0,82
18. In communication with other people I often lack composure, patience, and the desire to compromise and forgive. 0,82
19. I am often intolerant of other points of view. 0,82
20. If I am reproached for something, I do not feel shame or remorse, I feel only reactive hurt and a desire to definitely insist on my own. 0,82
21. It is important for me to be the recognized leader in a company, the very first guy – otherwise I will feel uncomfortable. 0,81
22. I always insist on my own, striving to achieve that others recognize that I am right. 0,81
23. I go into conflict if I am not shown respect and deference. 0,80
24. My desires are sometimes so strong that I do not like to wait, I prefer to get everything directly and at once, “by hook or by crook,” at any cost. 0,79
25. By hook or by crook, I know how to make other people do what I need. 0,79
26. I need everything right now, and exactly as I have planned. 0,77
27. I am used to subordinating everything to my strongest needs, desires and drives. 0,74
28. If I want to eat, drink or smoke, then I would even break into a store at night (a joke), but I will get what I want. 0,73
29. I often do the opposite simply so as not to go along with someone. 0,70
30. In sexual aspects it is hard for me to restrain and postpone my desires. 0,69
31. Most people have one or another dependency. Count how many dependencies from the list you have (indicate a number from 0 to 9): lotteries, frequent multi-hour card games, casino, daily computer games for several hours, attraction to sports betting, smoking, psychoactive substances, masturbation, many obligatory coffees or strong teas per day, regular drinking, shopping, watching all the TV news in a row, daily multi-hour chatting on internet forums. 0,68

32. I am tolerant of other people’s delusions. -0,80

13) CONSTANT IRRITABILITY

33. I am often excitably angry and intolerant toward others. 0,85
34. I must admit, I have a habit of shouting at someone in the morning, venting my bad mood. 0,85
35. I quite often experience anger, malice or rage. 0,85
36. I get irritated very easily when I have to explain something for a long time to an uncomprehending listener. 0,83
37. I often openly voice my dissatisfaction with my loved ones for one reason or another. 0,82
38. My character is characterized by accumulating explosiveness, irascibility. 0,82
39. As a rule, I immediately express my irritation out loud if someone cuts in front of me out of turn. 0,78

40. I have a gentle and patient character, so I make the impression of a very accommodating person. -0,76
41. I am more patient than others with other people’s shortcomings and with any other irritating aspects of life. -0,79

14) MACHIAVELLIANISM – OTHER PEOPLE ARE REGARDED ONLY AS MATERIAL, CYNICALLY USED FOR SELF-INTERESTED PURPOSES

42. Exploiting fools and weaklings is normal and natural. 0,97
43. I like to move people like chess pieces. 0,94
44. I like to manipulate people, to strive for power and fame. 0,91
45. I know how to regard and use human material as a means in the struggle for power. 0,91
46. Sometimes my loved ones grumble that I “exploit” them, make them work for me, and pay little attention to their interests. 0,91
47. I like it when others work and I only give directing instructions. 0,90
48. I know how to exploit my acquaintances – gradually putting them in dependence and at the same time increasing the exploitation. 0,87
49. I would like to be an arbiter of human destinies. 0,83
50. I like feeling my flexible power over the life, health and fate of people. 0,83
51. The art of life consists in behaving unceremoniously precisely with those people who will not want or will not be able to respond to you. 0,79
52. Sometimes I have had fun consciously exploiting other people’s good attitude toward me. 0,78
53. When solving a life task, I know how to intrigue, setting people in a group against one another. 0,75
54. I know how to use acquaintances in my own interests. 0,74
55. I know how to use my connections. 0,74
56. Sometimes I carry out experiments on acquaintances, checking their reactions in situations deliberately created by me. 0,70

57. The interests of other, not very close people are often as important to me as my own. -0,79
58. I recognize and respect the intrinsic value of every person. -0,88

15) HYPOCRISY, LYING, DECEIVING OTHERS IN ORDER TO OBTAIN BENEFIT

59. I know how to flexibly implement chains of intrigues based on sequential logical calculation. 0,89
60. If it is safe, I consider it acceptable to slander a person who opposes me or gets in my way in order to neutralize him. 0,87
61. A smart person is smart precisely because he must deceive the stupid. 0,86
62. There is nothing particularly bad or terrible in deception for gain, if everyone stays alive. 0,85
63. History moves forward through conspiracies, and this is right and normal; everything else is from the Evil One. 0,83
64. I know how to be insidious. 0,82
65. I consider it acceptable to deceive another person if it does not contradict the law and will bring me benefit. 0,82
66. I believe that “to slander” one’s enemy or intended victim is normal and not a sin, because lies are also an acceptable weapon. 0,82
67. Facts are needed only as arguments for achieving a goal, and if necessary, they can be slightly manipulated. 0,81
68. To prove something especially important to other people, it is quite reasonable and acceptable, in the course of the proof, to manipulate some facts. 0,79
69. I know how to lie convincingly to a client if my boss has instructed me to do so. 0,79
70. I respect people who know how to deftly and imperceptibly stack the deck during a card game. 0,78
71. Slandering an enemy or intended victim is an acceptable method of struggle. 0,78
72. I know how and like to pretend in order to mislead a rival and obtain benefit from this. 0,78
73. I believe that one must be consistently honest and decent only with one’s close friends. 0,77
74. Intellect and crafty cunning are practically one and the same. 0,77
75. I like playing games where it is necessary to deceive someone cleverly and successfully. 0,76
76. When necessary, I know how to be cleverly hypocritical and, if needed, lie – I do not much approve of simpletons fixated on their own honesty. 0,76
77. In most situations I am very resourceful when trouble threatens. 0,76
78. I know how to lie in order to get out of a difficult situation. 0,75
79. I get pleasure if I manage to deceive or “cheat” someone a little. 0,74
80. Sometimes I deceive people. 0,74
81. I like to “string along” members of the opposite sex. 0,74
82. When it is useful, I know how to lie inspiredly and convincingly. 0,68
83. I know how, with healthy cynicism, to convincingly demonstrate “heartfelt repentance,” and I quite often make use of this. 0,66
84. Cunning and the ability to pretend – that is what intelligence is. 0,64
85. Avoiding trouble, I can outsmart and wriggle out of things better than others. 0,63
86. Sometimes in my dealings with people I allow myself a bit of “scamming.” 0,62
87. In dealings with people, every second time or even more often I am forced to resort to cunning and guile. 0,61

88. Lying is always very unpleasant and unaccustomed for me. -0,60
89. I am a sincere and fair person; I have much less double-dealing and greed than others. -0,68
90. Any lie is very unpleasant to me, and for the sake of achieving any goals I all the more never lie myself. -0,69
91. I absolutely do not know how and do not like to lie. -0,74
92. My weakness compared to others is that, unlike most people, I do not know at all how to lie for some benefit. -0,76
93. It is better to live as a bum than as a crook. -0,82
94. I consider my important virtues to be loyalty and devotion; I do not approve of self-interested schemers. -0,84

Conclusions about the phenomenon of sociopathy, neurobiology on sociopaths

A typical sociopath differs from the standard SLE psychotype; they should not be confused. The whole issue is in additional functional accents. In a “standard” SLE, the Si function is positive (above the population average, which is why among cooks and culinary specialists, as well as restaurant owners, you can sometimes encounter “Zhukovs” too), while Ni is negative. In a sociopath, everything is the opposite: his Si is much lower than the population average (practically at the same level as his vulnerable Fi), whereas Ni, on the contrary, is above average, and sometimes significantly above. These functional circumstances create in the sociopath an additional increase in egoism and social conflict. And the greater the Ni and the smaller the Si against the background of an initially strong Se, the greater the sociopathy will be. Sociopaths satisfying these functional requirements (which is why their behavior was characteristic, psychopathic) were in world history, apparently, the Russian emperor Peter the Great, the Swedish king Charles XII, and the German Kaiser Wilhelm II (the very one who unleashed the First World War). Possibly Donald Trump is also not very far from them (also an intermediate type between SLE and SEE, with additional strengthening of Ni and weakening of Si)

Let us also quote an excerpt from Marina Levicheva’s article “5 facts about psychopaths that everyone should know” (med.vesti.ru/articles/p... ):
“Every one of us has a psychopath in us, at least to a small degree
Psychopathy is a spectrum. And we are all somewhere on this spectrum. If you have ever used a person (even insignificantly, for example, asking them to buy you a coffee), this means that you have displayed one of the basic psychopathic traits. And if you like to take risks - midweek parties, we suppose, also count - then you obviously have certain psychopathic traits.

Not all psychopaths are psychos
Hannibal Lecter from The Silence of the Lambs is one of the most typical images of a psychopath in mass culture. But the truth is that most psychopaths are not serial killers. Moreover, they may not be inclined to show aggression at all. Considering that psychopaths make up about 1% of the planet’s population, the circle of those whom one can call “real psychos” is significantly reduced.
What always distinguishes a psychopath is the absence of an emotional response to stimuli. Experiments, for example, have shown that they are much less frightened when they watch a horror movie that would make most people hide under a blanket in fear.

They choose one-night stands
Studies have shown that psychopaths are, as a rule, those people who prefer short sexual connections to any relationships. So if among your acquaintances there is a person who seems to have never had a serious relationship, only fleeting affairs, then he is 99.9% a psychopath.
This strategy, writes The Conversation, is associated with increased risk and egoism. And the same thing explains why psychopaths choose big cities to live in, where there are many opportunities for searching. Not only for sexual partners, but also for people who can be manipulated.

Female psychopaths differ from men
Although male and female psychopaths are in many ways similar, studies of the psychopathic personality have made it possible to discover significant differences as well. For example, female psychopaths turned out to be more prone to anxiety, emotional problems and promiscuity, in contrast to male psychopaths.
Some psychologists claim that female psychopathy is sometimes mistakenly diagnosed as borderline personality disorder because of similar symptomatology (lack of emotional control, impulsivity, outbursts of anger). And this, in their opinion, may explain why in women the level of psychopathy as a whole is lower. New research also shows that female psychopaths prefer to date non-psychopathic men when it comes to short-term relationships. However, if such a woman wants the relationship to have prospects, she will look for a male psychopath.

Psychopaths do have feelings
Not as many as we might like - but they do. While psychopaths display an acute lack of such emotions as anxiety, fear, and sadness, they can experience other emotions, such as joy, surprise, and disgust, similarly to ordinary people.

Experiments have shown that although psychopaths are not always able to identify sad faces and are less sensitive to threats and punishments, they are capable of identifying happy faces and respond positively to rewards. However, in order to please a psychopath, the reward must be sufficiently substantial.
Moreover, they are quite good at getting angry in response to provocation or when someone ruins their plans. Just keep that in mind.”

When it comes to fear or sadness, people with psychopathic personality traits cannot react to emotions the way most people do. Based solely on facial expression, psychopaths, researchers have found, cannot tell whether someone is truly upset or is deliberately inducing tears. As part of a study whose results were published in the journal Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, scientists asked participants to look at photographs of people expressing different emotions. Some of the emotions, the authors explain, were entirely real, while other images merely portrayed one emotion or another.
In the end, participants who displayed more psychopathic traits did not feel worse when someone was genuinely upset, compared with their own emotions in response to photographs with “fake” feelings. Moreover, it was very difficult for them to say whether what was in the photographs was real or staged. All this allowed the researchers to say that psychopaths are less willing than most of us to help someone who really needs help.
“Most people, when they see someone who is very upset, will feel bad. And this, in turn, motivates them to help the person in trouble,” explains Amy Dawel of the Australian National University, the lead author of the study. “People who are higher on the psychopathic spectrum do not show such a response.”
On the other hand, when it comes to other emotions, such as anger, disgust or happiness, psychopaths have no problem determining where the emotion is genuine and where it is not. In a psychopath, reports IFL Science, the parts of the brain that are associated with empathy and concern for others do not work actively enough. (med.vesti.ru/articles/p... )